Sparking the imagination: the rediscovery of Assyria’s great lost city
Sparking the imagination: the rediscovery of Assyria’s great lost city

Sparking the imagination: the rediscovery of Assyria’s great lost city

 

 

Three men at the archaeological site at Nimrud, near the winged bulls

Sparking the imagination: the rediscovery of Assyria’s great lost city

By Carine Harmand, Project Curator: Middle East

Publication date: 1 February 2019

With its exquisite palaces, vast libraries and lush gardens, Nineveh was one of the most important cities of the ancient world.

Project Curator for the BP exhibition I am Ashurbanipal king of the world, king of Assyria, Carine Harmand, explores the 19th-century quest to locate and unearth this great lost city…

Sparking the imagination: the rediscovery of Assyria’s great lost city

The Museum’s current major exhibition explores the life of Assyria’s last great king, Ashurbanipal. Hugely powerful, Ashurbanipal ruled what was at the time the largest empire on earth but, within a few decades of his death, his empire had collapsed and his capital city burnt to the ground.

Sardanapalus, asleep on a couch, partly covered, arm bandaged, with Myrrha sitting, holding the sheet and gazing at him

Sardanapalus, asleep on a couch, partly covered, arm bandaged, with Myrrha sitting, holding the sheet and gazing at him
George Woolliscroft Rhead after Ford Madox Brown, The Dream of Sardanapalus, print, 1890.

Since classical times, writers have speculated about the fall of Assyria. Greek and Roman sources talk of the extravagant suicide of its last king Sardanapalus (believed by some to be Ashurbanipal), surrounded by his gold and his concubines. The Old Testament recounts the city’s annihilation by divine wrath and, from the Middle Ages, interest in biblical evidence motivated travellers and geographers to try and locate the city.

But it wasn’t until the mid-19th century that the location of Nineveh – near Mosul in northern Iraq – was confirmed.

Nationalistic rivalries

At this time, the region of Mosul was part of the Ottoman Empire. France and Britain both had a consulate in Mosul and the imperial rivalry between both countries, as well as their political interest in the region, fuelled pioneering archaeological excavations.

A Tiyari Assyrian excavating in a tunnel with a long-handled adze. At the far end, two figures are in conversation.
Frederick Charles Cooper, watercolour showing excavations at Nineveh. 1850.

Excavations began in 1842 when the French consul, Paul Émile Botta, commissioned by the Louvre museum, began digging at the site of Khorsabad, where he discovered a city built by the Assyrian king Sargon II. The excavation findings were published under the title Monuments of Nineveh, as Botta wrongly believed that he had found the famed ancient city.

These discoveries captured the attention of Austen Henry Layard, a young British explorer who worked as assistant to the British ambassador in Constantinople. Layard persuaded the ambassador to personally fund excavations at the site of Nimrud. From 1845 Layard, with the invaluable help of Hormuzd Rassam, an archaeologist from Mosul, and his team began excavations at Nimrud. They soon unearthed monumental winged bulls and lions that used to flank the gates of an Assyrian palace.

A Tiyari Assyrian excavating in a tunnel with a long-handled adze. At the far end, two figures are in conversation.

Layard and Rassam oversee workers move a large statue with ropes on an archaelogical site
Possibly George Scharf (1820–1895), Layard and Rassam at work in Nimrud, c. 1850–60, hand-coloured lithograph on canvas.

Excited by these finds, the British government, through the British Museum, took over as sponsor and in 1847 Layard moved to the mound of Kuyunjik, across the river Tigris in front of Mosul. It was there that he finally unearthed the fabled city of Nineveh.

Layard and Rassam oversee workers move a large statue with ropes on an archaelogical site

Three men at the archaeological site at Nimrud, near the winged bulls
Frederick Charles Cooper, drawing showing the winged bulls found by Layard at Nimrud. Watercolour on paper, mid-19th century.
Three men at the archaeological site at Nimrud, near the winged bulls

Rassam continued to dig at Nineveh on behalf of the British Museum and in 1853 discovered the North Palace of Ashurbanipal, with its brilliantly carved sculptures.

The British Ambassador in Constantinople was keen to see Assyrian sculptures displayed in Britain and he obtained authorisation from the Ottoman government to export some of the finds to London, while other finds remained in situ in Iraq. The sculptures that arrived in Britain gave the British Museum a collection to rival that of the Louvre in France.

A man wearing elaborately decorated robes and a hat, posing with a shotgun

A man wearing elaborately decorated robes and a hat, posing with a shotgun
Portrait of Sir Austen Henry Layard in Bakhtiari dress. Watercolour heightened with gold, 1843.

The rivalry between the two imperial nations was even played out at a royal level. Queen Victoria ordered jewellery pieces inspired by the Assyrian reliefs for a state visit to the 1855 Exposition Universelle in Paris. A ‘turquoise and brilliant Nineveh brooch’ was made for the occasion and was probably offered to the French Empress Eugenie to highlight Britain’s part in Assyria’s ‘rediscovery’.

The Assyrian sensation in England

Austen Henry Layard published his excavations in the two-volume book Nineveh and its Remains in 1849. By carefully highlighting the link between Nineveh and the Bible, and by setting the narrative within tales of adventure and exploration in the Middle East, the book was a best-seller in Victorian England. 20,000 copies were sold in the first four years. A shorter and cheaper version of the book was later produced for wider distribution.

Murray's Reading for the Rail, Layard's Ninevah, book cover

Murray's Reading for the Rail, Layard's Ninevah, book cover
Layard’s Nineveh, abridged 1858, Murray’s Reading for the Rail.

The success of Layard’s book persuaded the British government to allocate funds for the shipment of the winged bulls and winged lions to London, which had been sitting in crates at the port of Basra, in southern Iraq. Their arrival and initial display in the entrance hall of the British Museum was widely publicised in the popular press, such as the Illustrated London News.

A large Assyrian sculpture is hauled up the steps of the British Museum by a group of men as other people watch

A large Assyrian sculpture is hauled up the steps of the British Museum by a group of men as other people watch
The arrival of the Assyrian sculptures at the British Museum, The Illustrated London News, 28 February 1852.

The excavation of these Assyrian cities revealed a completely new civilisation to 19th century audiences, and back in England, Layard and his associates gave popular public lectures on the Assyrian sculptures.

Sir George Scharf II delivering a lecture to a seated audience inside Streatham Hill Institution

When the Great Exhibition in the Crystal Palace was moved to Sydenham Hill in 1854, it now included a Nineveh Court. It was composed of brightly painted casts of reliefs from Khorsabad, Nineveh and Nimrud. Although the directors of the Crystal Palace were not too enthusiastic about displaying Assyrian art, the Nineveh Court was met with awe by the general public.

The facade of the Nineveh Court displayed in the Crystal Palace

The facade of the Nineveh Court displayed in the Crystal Palace
Facade of the Nineveh Court in the Crystal Palace, Sydenham Hill, London, about 1859. © Historic England Archive

Artistic popularity: Assyrian revival

The researches of Mr Layard have not only rendered Assyria an object of interest to professed antiquaries, but have actually brought it into fashion… Everyone knows the form of an Assyrian monarch’s umbrella, and the fashion of the Royal crown of Nineveh is as familiar as the pattern of the last new Parisian bonnet.

– The Times, 14 June 1853

The discoveries had a major impact on the arts in Britain. Artists and designers started to copy details from the Assyrian sculptures in search of inspiration and historical accuracy. Lord Byron’s poem Sardanapalus, King of Assyria, written before the discoveries, was staged by Charles Kean in 1853. The sets and costumes were conscientiously taken from illustrations in Layard’s publications.

A man lies on a bed with a dead woman at his feet. Others are in the throes of death or are killing others.

A man lies on a bed with a dead woman at his feet. Others are in the throes of death or are killing others.
Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863), Death of Sardanapalus. Oil on canvas, 1827.

Seen as tangible evidence for the Old Testament, Assyrian motifs were also used to illustrate Biblical narratives. Arthur Murch, an artist who was living just across the road from the British Museum produced illustrations for a Bible, and was directly inspired by the displays at the Museum.

Man in armour holding a dagger running between two Assyrian lion-gates followed by another drawing a sword

Man in armour holding a dagger running between two Assyrian lion-gates followed by another drawing a sword
Arthur Murch, The Flight of Adrammelech, in Dalziels’ Bible Gallery. Wood-print on paper, 1860.

Assyrian sculptures also made their way to France in the Louvre, but it was only in England that the Assyrian style met great popularity. At the time, the British Museum was selling casts of the sculptures displayed in their galleries but they were restricted to Greco-Roman examples. Private companies quickly responded to the public demand for Assyrian memorabilia.

Porcelain book-ends, a vase and two ornaments in the style of Assyrian sculptures.

Porcelain book-ends, a vase and two ornaments in the style of Assyrian sculptures.
Group of Assyrian style porcelain objects by Copeland & Garrett. 1868-1893.

Jewellers produced pieces decorated with scenes and motifs taken from the Assyrian sculptures. Winged bulls and lions, lion hunts and winged genies proved the most popular.

Gold bracelet decorated in the Assyrian style with figures in a chariot, hunting lions palm tree and two vultures

Gold bracelet decorated in the Assyrian style with figures in a chariot, hunting lions palm tree and two vultures
Bracelet decorated with an Assyrian lion hunt scene by Backes & Strauss Ltd. Gold and enamel, 1872.

In 1872 George Smith’s translation of the ‘Flood tablet’ (a tablet from the Library of Ashurbanipal, which told a story similar to the great flood story from the Bible) produced a new surge in Assyrian style productions. Jewellery in particular was popular and many beautifully enamelled gold pieces were produced.

Lady de Trafford posed in the robes of an Assyrian Queen

Lady de Trafford posed in the robes of an Assyrian Queen
Portrait of Lady de Trafford in costume as Semiramis, Queen of Assyria. Photograph taken at the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball, 2 July 1897.

Ancient Assyrian designs were even used at the grandest Victorian parties. Fancy dress balls were fashionable in Victorian aristocratic circles. One of the most notorious ones was the Devonshire House ball in 1897 where the guests were expected to dress as historical portraits. Lady de Trafford proudly displayed a dress decorated with Assyrian motifs of blossoms and flower buds while embodying the Assyrian legendary queen Semiramis. Very little was known of Assyrian royal women dresses at the time and a character such as Semiramis was the opportunity to make the most of the costume maker’s imagination.

Excavations continued in Mesopotamia from the 19th century onwards, however, this widespread interest for Assyrian motifs in the arts only lasted for about a generation in Britain. At the beginning of the 20th century, Assyrian revival began to wane, probably partly eclipsed by the widely reported, sensational discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922 by the English archaeologist Howard Carter.

The exhibition I am Ashurbanipal: king of the world, king of Assyria, closed on 24 February 2019.

Supported by BP

Logistics partner IAG Cargo

You may also be interested in

 

 

Sparking the imagination: the rediscovery of Assyria’s great lost city

By Carine Harmand, Project Curator: Middle East

Publication date: 1 February 2019

With its exquisite palaces, vast libraries and lush gardens, Nineveh was one of the most important cities of the ancient world.

Project Curator for the BP exhibition I am Ashurbanipal king of the world, king of Assyria, Carine Harmand, explores the 19th-century quest to locate and unearth this great lost city…

Sparking the imagination: the rediscovery of Assyria’s great lost city

The Museum’s current major exhibition explores the life of Assyria’s last great king, Ashurbanipal. Hugely powerful, Ashurbanipal ruled what was at the time the largest empire on earth but, within a few decades of his death, his empire had collapsed and his capital city burnt to the ground.

Sardanapalus, asleep on a couch, partly covered, arm bandaged, with Myrrha sitting, holding the sheet and gazing at him
George Woolliscroft Rhead after Ford Madox Brown, The Dream of Sardanapalus, print, 1890.

Since classical times, writers have speculated about the fall of Assyria. Greek and Roman sources talk of the extravagant suicide of its last king Sardanapalus (believed by some to be Ashurbanipal), surrounded by his gold and his concubines. The Old Testament recounts the city’s annihilation by divine wrath and, from the Middle Ages, interest in biblical evidence motivated travellers and geographers to try and locate the city.

But it wasn’t until the mid-19th century that the location of Nineveh – near Mosul in northern Iraq – was confirmed.

Nationalistic rivalries

At this time, the region of Mosul was part of the Ottoman Empire. France and Britain both had a consulate in Mosul and the imperial rivalry between both countries, as well as their political interest in the region, fuelled pioneering archaeological excavations.

A Tiyari Assyrian excavating in a tunnel with a long-handled adze. At the far end, two figures are in conversation.
Frederick Charles Cooper, watercolour showing excavations at Nineveh. 1850.

Excavations began in 1842 when the French consul, Paul Émile Botta, commissioned by the Louvre museum, began digging at the site of Khorsabad, where he discovered a city built by the Assyrian king Sargon II. The excavation findings were published under the title Monuments of Nineveh, as Botta wrongly believed that he had found the famed ancient city.

These discoveries captured the attention of Austen Henry Layard, a young British explorer who worked as assistant to the British ambassador in Constantinople. Layard persuaded the ambassador to personally fund excavations at the site of Nimrud. From 1845 Layard, with the invaluable help of Hormuzd Rassam, an archaeologist from Mosul, and his team began excavations at Nimrud. They soon unearthed monumental winged bulls and lions that used to flank the gates of an Assyrian palace.

Layard and Rassam oversee workers move a large statue with ropes on an archaelogical site
Possibly George Scharf (1820–1895), Layard and Rassam at work in Nimrud, c. 1850–60, hand-coloured lithograph on canvas.

Excited by these finds, the British government, through the British Museum, took over as sponsor and in 1847 Layard moved to the mound of Kuyunjik, across the river Tigris in front of Mosul. It was there that he finally unearthed the fabled city of Nineveh.

Three men at the archaeological site at Nimrud, near the winged bulls
Frederick Charles Cooper, drawing showing the winged bulls found by Layard at Nimrud. Watercolour on paper, mid-19th century.

Rassam continued to dig at Nineveh on behalf of the British Museum and in 1853 discovered the North Palace of Ashurbanipal, with its brilliantly carved sculptures.

The British Ambassador in Constantinople was keen to see Assyrian sculptures displayed in Britain and he obtained authorisation from the Ottoman government to export some of the finds to London, while other finds remained in situ in Iraq. The sculptures that arrived in Britain gave the British Museum a collection to rival that of the Louvre in France.

A man wearing elaborately decorated robes and a hat, posing with a shotgun
Portrait of Sir Austen Henry Layard in Bakhtiari dress. Watercolour heightened with gold, 1843.

The rivalry between the two imperial nations was even played out at a royal level. Queen Victoria ordered jewellery pieces inspired by the Assyrian reliefs for a state visit to the 1855 Exposition Universelle in Paris. A ‘turquoise and brilliant Nineveh brooch’ was made for the occasion and was probably offered to the French Empress Eugenie to highlight Britain’s part in Assyria’s ‘rediscovery’.

The Assyrian sensation in England

Austen Henry Layard published his excavations in the two-volume book Nineveh and its Remains in 1849. By carefully highlighting the link between Nineveh and the Bible, and by setting the narrative within tales of adventure and exploration in the Middle East, the book was a best-seller in Victorian England. 20,000 copies were sold in the first four years. A shorter and cheaper version of the book was later produced for wider distribution.

Murray's Reading for the Rail, Layard's Ninevah, book cover
Layard’s Nineveh, abridged 1858, Murray’s Reading for the Rail.

The success of Layard’s book persuaded the British government to allocate funds for the shipment of the winged bulls and winged lions to London, which had been sitting in crates at the port of Basra, in southern Iraq. Their arrival and initial display in the entrance hall of the British Museum was widely publicised in the popular press, such as the Illustrated London News.

A large Assyrian sculpture is hauled up the steps of the British Museum by a group of men as other people watch
The arrival of the Assyrian sculptures at the British Museum, The Illustrated London News, 28 February 1852.

The excavation of these Assyrian cities revealed a completely new civilisation to 19th century audiences, and back in England, Layard and his associates gave popular public lectures on the Assyrian sculptures.

When the Great Exhibition in the Crystal Palace was moved to Sydenham Hill in 1854, it now included a Nineveh Court. It was composed of brightly painted casts of reliefs from Khorsabad, Nineveh and Nimrud. Although the directors of the Crystal Palace were not too enthusiastic about displaying Assyrian art, the Nineveh Court was met with awe by the general public.

The facade of the Nineveh Court displayed in the Crystal Palace
Facade of the Nineveh Court in the Crystal Palace, Sydenham Hill, London, about 1859. © Historic England Archive

Artistic popularity: Assyrian revival

The researches of Mr Layard have not only rendered Assyria an object of interest to professed antiquaries, but have actually brought it into fashion… Everyone knows the form of an Assyrian monarch’s umbrella, and the fashion of the Royal crown of Nineveh is as familiar as the pattern of the last new Parisian bonnet.

– The Times, 14 June 1853

The discoveries had a major impact on the arts in Britain. Artists and designers started to copy details from the Assyrian sculptures in search of inspiration and historical accuracy. Lord Byron’s poem Sardanapalus, King of Assyria, written before the discoveries, was staged by Charles Kean in 1853. The sets and costumes were conscientiously taken from illustrations in Layard’s publications.

A man lies on a bed with a dead woman at his feet. Others are in the throes of death or are killing others.
Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863), Death of Sardanapalus. Oil on canvas, 1827.

Seen as tangible evidence for the Old Testament, Assyrian motifs were also used to illustrate Biblical narratives. Arthur Murch, an artist who was living just across the road from the British Museum produced illustrations for a Bible, and was directly inspired by the displays at the Museum.

Man in armour holding a dagger running between two Assyrian lion-gates followed by another drawing a sword
Arthur Murch, The Flight of Adrammelech, in Dalziels’ Bible Gallery. Wood-print on paper, 1860.

Assyrian sculptures also made their way to France in the Louvre, but it was only in England that the Assyrian style met great popularity. At the time, the British Museum was selling casts of the sculptures displayed in their galleries but they were restricted to Greco-Roman examples. Private companies quickly responded to the public demand for Assyrian memorabilia.

Porcelain book-ends, a vase and two ornaments in the style of Assyrian sculptures.
Group of Assyrian style porcelain objects by Copeland & Garrett. 1868-1893.

Jewellers produced pieces decorated with scenes and motifs taken from the Assyrian sculptures. Winged bulls and lions, lion hunts and winged genies proved the most popular.

Gold bracelet decorated in the Assyrian style with figures in a chariot, hunting lions palm tree and two vultures
Bracelet decorated with an Assyrian lion hunt scene by Backes & Strauss Ltd. Gold and enamel, 1872.

In 1872 George Smith’s translation of the ‘Flood tablet’ (a tablet from the Library of Ashurbanipal, which told a story similar to the great flood story from the Bible) produced a new surge in Assyrian style productions. Jewellery in particular was popular and many beautifully enamelled gold pieces were produced.

Lady de Trafford posed in the robes of an Assyrian Queen
Portrait of Lady de Trafford in costume as Semiramis, Queen of Assyria. Photograph taken at the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball, 2 July 1897.

Ancient Assyrian designs were even used at the grandest Victorian parties. Fancy dress balls were fashionable in Victorian aristocratic circles. One of the most notorious ones was the Devonshire House ball in 1897 where the guests were expected to dress as historical portraits. Lady de Trafford proudly displayed a dress decorated with Assyrian motifs of blossoms and flower buds while embodying the Assyrian legendary queen Semiramis. Very little was known of Assyrian royal women dresses at the time and a character such as Semiramis was the opportunity to make the most of the costume maker’s imagination.

Excavations continued in Mesopotamia from the 19th century onwards, however, this widespread interest for Assyrian motifs in the arts only lasted for about a generation in Britain. At the beginning of the 20th century, Assyrian revival began to wane, probably partly eclipsed by the widely reported, sensational discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922 by the English archaeologist Howard Carter.

The exhibition I am Ashurbanipal: king of the world, king of Assyria, closed on 24 February 2019.

Supported by BP

Logistics partner IAG Cargo

You may also be interested in

 

 

Three men at the archaeological site at Nimrud, near the winged bulls

Sparking the imagination: the rediscovery of Assyria’s great lost city

By Carine Harmand, Project Curator: Middle East

Publication date: 1 February 2019

With its exquisite palaces, vast libraries and lush gardens, Nineveh was one of the most important cities of the ancient world.

Project Curator for the BP exhibition I am Ashurbanipal king of the world, king of Assyria, Carine Harmand, explores the 19th-century quest to locate and unearth this great lost city…

Sparking the imagination: the rediscovery of Assyria’s great lost city

The Museum’s current major exhibition explores the life of Assyria’s last great king, Ashurbanipal. Hugely powerful, Ashurbanipal ruled what was at the time the largest empire on earth but, within a few decades of his death, his empire had collapsed and his capital city burnt to the ground.

Sardanapalus, asleep on a couch, partly covered, arm bandaged, with Myrrha sitting, holding the sheet and gazing at him
George Woolliscroft Rhead after Ford Madox Brown, The Dream of Sardanapalus, print, 1890.

Since classical times, writers have speculated about the fall of Assyria. Greek and Roman sources talk of the extravagant suicide of its last king Sardanapalus (believed by some to be Ashurbanipal), surrounded by his gold and his concubines. The Old Testament recounts the city’s annihilation by divine wrath and, from the Middle Ages, interest in biblical evidence motivated travellers and geographers to try and locate the city.

But it wasn’t until the mid-19th century that the location of Nineveh – near Mosul in northern Iraq – was confirmed.

Nationalistic rivalries

At this time, the region of Mosul was part of the Ottoman Empire. France and Britain both had a consulate in Mosul and the imperial rivalry between both countries, as well as their political interest in the region, fuelled pioneering archaeological excavations.

A Tiyari Assyrian excavating in a tunnel with a long-handled adze. At the far end, two figures are in conversation.
Frederick Charles Cooper, watercolour showing excavations at Nineveh. 1850.

Excavations began in 1842 when the French consul, Paul Émile Botta, commissioned by the Louvre museum, began digging at the site of Khorsabad, where he discovered a city built by the Assyrian king Sargon II. The excavation findings were published under the title Monuments of Nineveh, as Botta wrongly believed that he had found the famed ancient city.

These discoveries captured the attention of Austen Henry Layard, a young British explorer who worked as assistant to the British ambassador in Constantinople. Layard persuaded the ambassador to personally fund excavations at the site of Nimrud. From 1845 Layard, with the invaluable help of Hormuzd Rassam, an archaeologist from Mosul, and his team began excavations at Nimrud. They soon unearthed monumental winged bulls and lions that used to flank the gates of an Assyrian palace.

Layard and Rassam oversee workers move a large statue with ropes on an archaelogical site
Possibly George Scharf (1820–1895), Layard and Rassam at work in Nimrud, c. 1850–60, hand-coloured lithograph on canvas.

Excited by these finds, the British government, through the British Museum, took over as sponsor and in 1847 Layard moved to the mound of Kuyunjik, across the river Tigris in front of Mosul. It was there that he finally unearthed the fabled city of Nineveh.

Three men at the archaeological site at Nimrud, near the winged bulls
Frederick Charles Cooper, drawing showing the winged bulls found by Layard at Nimrud. Watercolour on paper, mid-19th century.

Rassam continued to dig at Nineveh on behalf of the British Museum and in 1853 discovered the North Palace of Ashurbanipal, with its brilliantly carved sculptures.

The British Ambassador in Constantinople was keen to see Assyrian sculptures displayed in Britain and he obtained authorisation from the Ottoman government to export some of the finds to London, while other finds remained in situ in Iraq. The sculptures that arrived in Britain gave the British Museum a collection to rival that of the Louvre in France.

A man wearing elaborately decorated robes and a hat, posing with a shotgun
Portrait of Sir Austen Henry Layard in Bakhtiari dress. Watercolour heightened with gold, 1843.

The rivalry between the two imperial nations was even played out at a royal level. Queen Victoria ordered jewellery pieces inspired by the Assyrian reliefs for a state visit to the 1855 Exposition Universelle in Paris. A ‘turquoise and brilliant Nineveh brooch’ was made for the occasion and was probably offered to the French Empress Eugenie to highlight Britain’s part in Assyria’s ‘rediscovery’.

The Assyrian sensation in England

Austen Henry Layard published his excavations in the two-volume book Nineveh and its Remains in 1849. By carefully highlighting the link between Nineveh and the Bible, and by setting the narrative within tales of adventure and exploration in the Middle East, the book was a best-seller in Victorian England. 20,000 copies were sold in the first four years. A shorter and cheaper version of the book was later produced for wider distribution.

Murray's Reading for the Rail, Layard's Ninevah, book cover
Layard’s Nineveh, abridged 1858, Murray’s Reading for the Rail.

The success of Layard’s book persuaded the British government to allocate funds for the shipment of the winged bulls and winged lions to London, which had been sitting in crates at the port of Basra, in southern Iraq. Their arrival and initial display in the entrance hall of the British Museum was widely publicised in the popular press, such as the Illustrated London News.

A large Assyrian sculpture is hauled up the steps of the British Museum by a group of men as other people watch
The arrival of the Assyrian sculptures at the British Museum, The Illustrated London News, 28 February 1852.

The excavation of these Assyrian cities revealed a completely new civilisation to 19th century audiences, and back in England, Layard and his associates gave popular public lectures on the Assyrian sculptures.

When the Great Exhibition in the Crystal Palace was moved to Sydenham Hill in 1854, it now included a Nineveh Court. It was composed of brightly painted casts of reliefs from Khorsabad, Nineveh and Nimrud. Although the directors of the Crystal Palace were not too enthusiastic about displaying Assyrian art, the Nineveh Court was met with awe by the general public.

The facade of the Nineveh Court displayed in the Crystal Palace
Facade of the Nineveh Court in the Crystal Palace, Sydenham Hill, London, about 1859. © Historic England Archive

Artistic popularity: Assyrian revival

The researches of Mr Layard have not only rendered Assyria an object of interest to professed antiquaries, but have actually brought it into fashion… Everyone knows the form of an Assyrian monarch’s umbrella, and the fashion of the Royal crown of Nineveh is as familiar as the pattern of the last new Parisian bonnet.

– The Times, 14 June 1853

The discoveries had a major impact on the arts in Britain. Artists and designers started to copy details from the Assyrian sculptures in search of inspiration and historical accuracy. Lord Byron’s poem Sardanapalus, King of Assyria, written before the discoveries, was staged by Charles Kean in 1853. The sets and costumes were conscientiously taken from illustrations in Layard’s publications.

A man lies on a bed with a dead woman at his feet. Others are in the throes of death or are killing others.
Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863), Death of Sardanapalus. Oil on canvas, 1827.

Seen as tangible evidence for the Old Testament, Assyrian motifs were also used to illustrate Biblical narratives. Arthur Murch, an artist who was living just across the road from the British Museum produced illustrations for a Bible, and was directly inspired by the displays at the Museum.

Man in armour holding a dagger running between two Assyrian lion-gates followed by another drawing a sword
Arthur Murch, The Flight of Adrammelech, in Dalziels’ Bible Gallery. Wood-print on paper, 1860.

Assyrian sculptures also made their way to France in the Louvre, but it was only in England that the Assyrian style met great popularity. At the time, the British Museum was selling casts of the sculptures displayed in their galleries but they were restricted to Greco-Roman examples. Private companies quickly responded to the public demand for Assyrian memorabilia.

Porcelain book-ends, a vase and two ornaments in the style of Assyrian sculptures.
Group of Assyrian style porcelain objects by Copeland & Garrett. 1868-1893.

Jewellers produced pieces decorated with scenes and motifs taken from the Assyrian sculptures. Winged bulls and lions, lion hunts and winged genies proved the most popular.

Gold bracelet decorated in the Assyrian style with figures in a chariot, hunting lions palm tree and two vultures
Bracelet decorated with an Assyrian lion hunt scene by Backes & Strauss Ltd. Gold and enamel, 1872.

In 1872 George Smith’s translation of the ‘Flood tablet’ (a tablet from the Library of Ashurbanipal, which told a story similar to the great flood story from the Bible) produced a new surge in Assyrian style productions. Jewellery in particular was popular and many beautifully enamelled gold pieces were produced.

Lady de Trafford posed in the robes of an Assyrian Queen
Portrait of Lady de Trafford in costume as Semiramis, Queen of Assyria. Photograph taken at the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball, 2 July 1897.

Ancient Assyrian designs were even used at the grandest Victorian parties. Fancy dress balls were fashionable in Victorian aristocratic circles. One of the most notorious ones was the Devonshire House ball in 1897 where the guests were expected to dress as historical portraits. Lady de Trafford proudly displayed a dress decorated with Assyrian motifs of blossoms and flower buds while embodying the Assyrian legendary queen Semiramis. Very little was known of Assyrian royal women dresses at the time and a character such as Semiramis was the opportunity to make the most of the costume maker’s imagination.

Excavations continued in Mesopotamia from the 19th century onwards, however, this widespread interest for Assyrian motifs in the arts only lasted for about a generation in Britain. At the beginning of the 20th century, Assyrian revival began to wane, probably partly eclipsed by the widely reported, sensational discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922 by the English archaeologist Howard Carter.

The exhibition I am Ashurbanipal: king of the world, king of Assyria, closed on 24 February 2019.

Supported by BP

Logistics partner IAG Cargo

You may also be interested in

 

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